wm .ek
wmf.a b;sydih
wïn,kaf;dg ,xldfõ ol=Kq m<df;a yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha j,fõ .Õnv msysá k.rfhls’ ;x.,af,a isg yïnkaf;dg olajd jQ uyd ud¾.h j,fõ .Õ yryd jefgk ia:dkh weiqre fldg fuh msysgd ;sfí’
inr.uq ksïkfha isg Èjhsfka ol=Kq fjr<nv fmfoi lrd jeà we;s mdr ud;r – ;siaiuydrdu uy mdrg tlajkafka wïn,kaf;dg iómfha §h’ wïn,kaf;dg md,u wi, .sß.vq iEh kï ft;sydisl úydri:dkh msysgd ;sfí’
fï m%foaYh wjg ft;sydisl ia:dk rdYshla o fjhs’ me/‚ fodf<diaoyia rfgys w.kqjr jQ udkdjq¨ k.rh wïn,kaf;dg – weô,smsáh ud¾.fha wïn,kaf;dg isg ie;mqï wgla muK Tífnys oekg rïNd úydrh kñka okakd úydrh msysá m%foaYh jYfhka wdpdh–H mrKú;dk uy;d y÷kajhs’ tfldf<diajk ishjfia § m<uqjk úchndyq rcq ;djld,sl jYfhka rg wdKavq flf<a wïn,kaf;dgg;a l;r.ug;a w;r msysáfha hhs ie,lsh yels —ismam;a:,l— kï ia:dkhl fjfiñks’
wd;S; iNdm;sjreka
Wiaikaf.dv cd;sl jfkdaoHdkh
,xldfõ ^21& jk cd;sl jfkdaoHdkh fõ’ kj cd;sl jfkdaoHdk ia:dms; lsÍfï wruqKq jkafka m%foaYfha ffcj úoHd;aul” mqrdúoHd;aul yd N+f.da,Sh jákdlï i|yd È.=ld,Sk wdrlaIdj iemhSuhs’ kef.kysßka l,ueáh jkÔù wNhN+ñhg udhsï fõ’
b;sydih
yskaÿ ñ;Hdhdjkag wkqj Wiaikaf.dv rdjKd rcqf.a ovqfudKr r:h N+ñ.; lrkq ,nk ia:dkh njg úYajdi flfra’ m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha mqrdúoHd;aul ia:dk lsysmhla o mj;S’
ffcj úúO;ajh
uqyqÿ leianEjkag ì;a;r oeóu i|ydo Wiaikaf.dv jeo.;a ia:dkhls’ r;= mdxY= m%foaYfha mfiys u;= jk w;r ue,ù hk jDlaI,;dÈho oelsh yelsh’r;= mdxY= i|yd meyeÈ,s lsÍu kï m%foaYh ;=< f*ßla Tlaihsâ by< idkaøKhls’ Wiaikaf.dv › ,xldj ;=< we;s i¾mkaghska m%foaY y;r w;ßka tlls’
l,ueáh l=re¨ wNh N+ñh
ol=Kq m<d;g wh;a yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha wïn,kaf;dg m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdihg wh;a fï wNh N+ñh iy l<mqj ;x.,a,;a ” yïnkaf;dg;a w;r msysgd we;’ wNhN+ñhg ngysßka we;af;a” fld,U – l;r.u m%Odk ud¾.h’kefÕkysßka we;af;a” uyd id.rhhs’ tys ol=Kqmi fmfoi” Wiaikaf.dv cd;sl jfkdaoHdkh uÕska fjka fõ’ W;=re ÈYdfjka .=refmdl=K .u msysgd ;sfí’
l,ueáh ëjr jrdh
,xldfõ ol=Kq fjr< ;Srfha yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha iqm%isoaO ixpdrl .ukdka;hla jk l,ueáh ëjr .ïudkfha msysgd we;’ jrdh iukaú; jkafka fylaghdr 3l føda‚hlska” óg¾ 3l .eUqrlska” óg¾ 80l ;dmamhlska iy ^OBM& fndaÜgq f.dvnEu i|yd fjr<lska’ fuu jrdh m%dfoaYSh ëjr m%cdj i|yd ;SrKd;aul uOHia:dkhla f,i l%shd lrk w;r l,dmfha wd¾Ólfha iy ffoksl Ôú;fhys jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs’
f.dvjdh jrdh
mdoia:dKfhka mgka.kakd j,fõ .Õ uy uqyqog jefgkafka wïn,kaf;dg iy yïnkaf;dg k.r j,g kqÿßka msysá f.dvjdh kue;s l=vd ëjr .ïudkhlsks’ yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha msysá fuu .ïudkh mqrd;kfha jeo.;a jrdhla jYfhka m%lgj ;snqks’ fuh l%s’ j’ ^2& ;rï wE; hq.fha fj<odï i|yd Ndú;d jQ uqyqÿ fiao ud¾.fha tla kej;=ï fmd,ls’
—f.dvjdh˜ hk ku —f.dv mj; mÜgk˜ hk jelsfhka W;amdokh jQjls’ fuf,i fuu .ïudkh kï lr we;af;a tys fjr< wdY%s;j msysgd we;s úYd, m¾j;hla ksidh’
f.dvjdh fi,a,smsh
f.dvjdh úydria:dkfha ;sî yuq jQ fi,a,sms follaff B’wd¾’ whs¾fg%dka uy;d úiska uq,skau mÍlaId lr jd¾;d lr we;’
miqj ^1930& § uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dk uy;d lshjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk we;’ f.dvjdh úydrfha ia;+mhg W;=ßka msysá iajNdúl m¾j;hl fldgd we;s m%Odk fi,a,smsh f.dvjdfha msysá fj<| jrdhla iy bka whl, nÿ .ek meyeÈ,sj úia;r lrhs’
f:armq;a;dNh mkai,
óg wjqreÿ 2200g fmr reyqKq rdcjxYfha wdrïNlhd jQ uydkd. rcq” fodf<dia oyila fjfyr úydr .srejdm;a;=j mqrdu lr jQ nj ckm%jdoj, i|yka fõ’ jd÷remam fyj;a f:armq;a;dNh rcuyd úydrho” tA w;sßka iqúfYaI ;ekla .kafka b;sydifha wmQ¾j isÿùu iuqodhla wkd.; mrmqrg odhl lrñks’ ldjka;siai rdcH iufhys fï mqoìfï jev isá oiuyd fhdaOhkaf.ka tla whl= jQ f:armq;a;dNh f;rKqfjda t;=udf.a uqKqnqfrls’
fkdak.u
fodak bifn,d fldrfka,shd fyj;a .cuka fkdakd hkq ysájk lú lSu iy ,sùu iïnkaOfhka meje;s olaI;dj fya;=fjka m%isoaêhg m;a ,dxlsl lsú¢hls’ weh ud;r idys;H hq.h ksfhdackh lrk w;r reyqfKa lsú¢h úreodj,S ,oaodh’
ngw; WoHdkh
lDIs ;dËK WoHdkh úh,s l,dmfha iSudfjka Tíng wlalr ^50& la muK me;sÍ we;s w;r by< fnda. úúO;ajhlska hq;a úúO lDIsld¾ñl fNda. j,ska iukaú; fõ’ WoHdkhg we;=¿ jk ia:dkfha f,dj m%:u lDIs ld¾ñl iaudrlh msysgd we;’ tu iaudrlh idïm%odhsl f.dúhd iy lDIsl¾udka;h w;r we;s ne£u ixfla;j;a jk mßÈ fowf;a w;eÕs,s nef|k fia f.dv kÕd we;’
rïnd úydrh
fuu úydrfha Ys,d f,aLkhla ms<sn| ñhq,¾ ^1884& § y÷kdf.k we;’ .d,a, ^-& yïnkaf;dg ud._fha ^63& ie;mqï lKqjg ie;mqï ^03& W;=ßka le,Efjka jeiqKq úydrhl Ys,d f,aLkhla mj;sk nj Tyq jd¾;d l, w;r th rïnd úydrh nj meyeÈ,s h’ ^1948& ckmolrk jHdmdrh iuÕ mer‚ kgnqka flfrys jQ wjOdKh o by, .sfha h’ fï wkqj rïnd úydrh;a mer‚ rdcOdksh;a folla nj;a úydrhg u|la ol=Kg jkakg we;s wdNrK we,a, wdYs%;j ud,s.d ixlS¾Kh jQ nj;a fy,s úh’ ^2000& jifra isg mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j yd uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo, úiska mqrdúoHd jHdmD;sh weröu isÿlrk ,§’
,shka.iaf;dg wuqK
1849§ bx.%Sis cd;slhka úiska ks¾udKh lr we;s ,shka.iaf;dg wuqK” ,shka.iaf;dg .ïudkhg muKla fkdj wïn,kaf;dg m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdihgu ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lr odhdo l< úiañ; ks¾udKhla f,iska y÷kajd Èh yel’ j,j ol=Kq bjqr yd jï bjqr fmdaIKhg Wrfok ,shka.iaf;dg wuqK” wo jk úg m%foaYfha foaYSh lDIs wd¾Ólh k.d isgqùug mK fmdjk Ôj W,am;ls’
fjdag¾ md¾la
l;r.ug hk w;r u. hk tk ixpdrlhskag .uka úvdj ksjd ksoyfia ld, î, álla úfkdao úh yels ia:dkhls’ b;du;a iqkaor mßirhl tfyu;a ke;skï jeõ ;djq,a,l w,xldrj bÈ lr we;s fuh l=vd ,uhskag iy jeä ysáhkag;a tlfia úfkdao úh yels whqßka fuh ks¾udKh lr we;’
1 fndaÜgq ijdß’
2 l=vd ,uhskag fi,a,ï ñÿ,la
3 wdydr .ekSug myiqlï
wïn,kaf;dg m%dfoaYSh iNdfjka mßmd,kh jk fuu WoHdkfha wdrlaIdj .ek nh fjkak foal=;a kE’ tfykï ud.u hk w;r;=r fkdak.u fjdag¾ md¾la tlg;a weú;a álla úfõl wrf.k úfkdao fj,d hkak
i*dß WoHdkh
kj i;afjdaoHdk ixl,amh wkqj i;=ka ksoe,af,a yeisfroa§ Tjqka ksÍlaIKh l, yelsjk mßÈ › ,xldfõ msysgjQ m<uq i*dß WoHdkh yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha wïn,kaf;dgg wdikak ßÈh.u§ ^2016’03’28& Èk uyck wdYajdokSh m%y¾Yh i|yd újD; lrk ,§’
wïn,kaf;dg k.rfha isg ßÈh.u mdfra lsf,da óg¾ ^17& la muK hdfuka fyda weô,smsáh fkdakd.u mdfra mo,x., ykaÈfhka yeß iqßhjej mdfra f.dia úydr., ykaÈfhka yeÍ lsf,da óg¾ ^4& la muK hdfuka fï WoHdkhg ,Õdúh yelsh’